The Transition To The Role of Professional Nurse

My most recent employment included working as a Rehabilitation vocational nurse in an in-patient Rehabilitation hospital. Typically I cared for 6-8 patients at a time, providing total care for each. I am IV certified with much experience in the field, particularly within pediatrics. I have worked with professional nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, dietitians, physicians and more as part of a collaborative and comprehensive health care team. Issues and Concerns Surrounding Transition For Practical/Vocational Nurse A licensed practical or vocational nurse (LPN or LVN) is often the first step in one's career toward becoming a certified professional nurse. The role of a vocational nurse differs significantly from the role of a professional nurse. Most nurses trained at this level have one year of study experience at a vocational or community college. A vocational nurse is used to working under the supervision of a licensed RN or professional nurse or physician (Quan, 2004). There are multiple issues and concerns surrounding the transition to the role of professional nurse, none the least of which is the shortage of qualified nurse educators to provide guidance to LPN's desiring a career as an RN (Quan, 2004). There are also multiple levels of education one may pursue as a professional nurse that must be considered (Quan, 2004). For example, while many hospitals in the past have offered three year courses allowing students to live in the hospitals, few of these programs still remain (Quan, 2004). Most vocational nurses now desiring a professional career must pursue their Bachelor of Science in Nursing or an associate's degree in nursing. This requires much time, effort and of course, acceptance into a qualified nursing programs. A vocational nurse must also have the ability to effectively transition to the role of a supervisor or leader, capable of making complex decisions and delegating tasks to others as part of their job responsibilities as a professional nurse. Clinical Judgment in Autonomy and Accountability of Professional Nursing Practice Professional nursing practice affords RN's a relatively large amount of autonomy and accountability on the job. Professional nurses are often called on to use their own technical expertise and judgment to help manage and oversee patient care as part of members of a collaborative health care team (Shanbhag, 2002). They are accountable for the results of any decisions they make regarding patient care, even when those decisions involve delegating tasks to others. In cases where professional nurses supervise the work functions of others, professional nurses must also be held accountable for patient outcomes and the outcomes of their underlings. Professional nurses are often afforded the ability to delegate tasks as they see appropriate to underlings including vocational nurses (Shanbhag, 2002). This requires not only a great deal of decision making ability but also the ability to differentiate among underling's skills, qualifications and abilities. This will help them remain accountable for the actions of each member of their health care team. A professional nurse is also more likely to be held accountable for patient's outcomes as they often supervise the care of other nurses or health care assistants involved in patient care (Shanbhag, 2002). Most are expected to exercise â€Å"independent judgment† reserving the right to direct care in certain circumstance (Shanbhag, 2002). Professional nurses are also more likely to be held accountable for patient outcomes as well as the performance of those working under their direct supervision. How Professional Nurse Collaborates with Others To Achieve Effective Patient Care The best possible outcome for patients is only realized when professional nurses work as members of a multidisciplinary team, collaborating to ensure the best patient outcome. A professional nurse does not work alone but rather as a member of a comprehensive patient care team whose goals include optimizing patient outcomes. Members of this comprehensive health care team may include nursing assistants, professional nurses, primary care physicians, social workers, patients and family members (Coombs, 2004). For collaboration to work in the health care team it must often be defined in a non-hierarchical or cooperative manner based â€Å"on shared power and authority† assuming that each member of the team holds a certain level of knowledge, responsibility and influence that directly influences patient outcomes (Coombs, 2004). Professional nursing requires many of the same leadership skills required of doctors or other management professionals. The primary leadership skills beneficial to the field include (1) the ability to establish, maintain and promote communication and interpersonal relationships, (2) the ability to delegate work tasks and oversee the work of others (3) the ability to make decisions based on one's knowledge, skills and expertise (4) the ability to work as members of a collaborative team and (5) the ability to help create interdependency and promote knowledge sharing among all team members (Coombs, 2004). The ability to work collaboratively is a fundamental skill required of effective leaders (Miccolo & Spanier, 1993). A professional nurse must first be able to provide coworkers, supervisors and underlings with clear communication and insight regarding his or her goals, methods, policies and programs. A professional nurse like any other member of a health care team is responsible for knowledge sharing. Anyone responsible for knowledge sharing within an organization must have the ability to develop communication skills among team members. Further, a leader knows how to delegate work tasks to ensure they aren't overburdened by administrative or nursing tasks at any one point in time. This helps reduce burn out and promotes a more efficient and product team environment. A nurse must also rely on their own education, experience and knowledge to help make directed and responsible decisions within the health care environment. This will help the nurse work as an effective leader within the health care team, and promote cooperation among all team members. Management of Nursing Care and Delegation Professional nurses must act as managers, working to help build, create, maintain and manage effective partnerships or teams of workers within the health care environment. The management of nursing care involves identifying what members of the health care team are capable of carrying out certain roles, and assigning them those roles accordingly to ensure the patients basic needs are met, and to ensure a positive health outcome for patients treated under a professional nurses care. Delegation of tasks is an autonomous task requiring independent decision-making capability. Since professional nurses tend to work in a role that requires leadership, independent thinking, decision making and accountability for patient outcomes, it naturally follows that professional nurses must learn how to delegate tasks appropriately. Proper use of delegation within the health care environment will also free up time for professional nurses to work with multiple patients and to address the many administrative functions and tasks that come along with the role of a professional nurse in today's health care environment (Coombs, 2004).

Effect of Colors on the Brain and on Emotions Essay

Colors are an intimate facet of our everyday lives and exist in everything that we see. Colors and emotions have a strong relationship between them. It is widely recognized that colors have also a strong impact on our emotions and feelings (Hemphill, 1996; Lang, 1993; Mahnke, 1996). The color red has been associated with excitement, strength, sex, passion, speed, and danger. White has been associated with pure, virginal, clean, youthful, and mild. Blue that is most popular color has been associated with trust, reliability, belonging, and coolness. Black is allied with sophistication, elegant, seductive, mystery, and sexual. And Pink is allied with soft, sweet, nurture, and security. Colors are linked with many different emotions. All colors have positive and negative impression connected with it. It has been tested and proven that colors have different alpha rate associated with it. The purpose of the study was to see if the brain responses differently while looking at different colors and to see if there were any connections between color and emotions. Methods Participants The data for this study was gathered by a total of 11 participants from Cognitive Neuroscience Lab class (4 male and 7 female) at the University Center, Lake County Campus. Among those participants included one professor and the other ten consisted of undergraduate students from psychology department at Northeastern Illinois University. All the participants tested had no sort of color deficiency. Stimuli Series of six questions were prepared for the experiment consisting of two parts: the first part included power-point with the five different colors playing each for 20 seconds followed by the questionnaire. The series of questions asked the participants about their emotional stage while looking at the colors. Five random colors were chosen based on cultural reference for America. The colors consisted of red, white, blue, black and pink. The color samples were prepared using Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 software. Procedure For this study, participants were tested individually in a classroom designed as a computer lab. Each participant was seated front of a desktop computer. The monitor displayed each color illustration full screened one at a time which lasted 20 seconds each. Participants were told to look for a smiley face while looking at colors to keep them focused on the screen. Each participant was observed under the NeuroSky Mindset EEG while viewing the colors to record their brain activity. The order of color illustration was same for all the participants. After each participant was done looking at the colors; they were asked a series of questions related to emotions. Participants were asked, â€Å"What emotional response do you associate with (name of color)? and What color attracted you more? These questions were modified from Boyatizis and Varghese (1994) and Hemphill (1996). Only one response was permitted for each question. The answers were recorded on an observation sheet. Each observation lasted about 5 minutes each. Results Data for this study was analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The median and mean was conducted to get the different alpha amplitude. There were a total of seven different responses for answers to choose from for the emotion section of the questionnaire and five different colors to choose from for the response to what color attracted the participant more. Some of the questions had the same meaning (e. g. , calm, angry) and some had different meaning such as (honest, stable). Based on the results; red had the highest amplitude which means that participants were calm while watching the color red. Pink had the lowest amplitude which means that participants were excited or stressed while watching the color pink. The average mean ranged from 29. 3 – 11. 6. Even though red is considered an excited color; the EEG showed that participants were more calm or relaxed while observing red. Pink is considered a soft and sweet color but the EEG showed that participants were stressed and excited while observing pink. One-tailed t-test was used to analyze the data for significance. There was significance between all colors except when we compared red vs. white and white vs. black. The p-value for red and white was 0. 1, for white and blue p-value was 0. 02, between blue and black p-value was . 14, and p-value between black and pink was 0. 03. These results show that there was significance difference in alpha. The different amplitude showed the different alpha rate. Nine out of eleven participants chose pink as most excited color and six out of eleven chose pink as their favorite color. This shows a correlation between brain activity and emotions. The EEG showed pink as the most stressed or excited color and the participants chose pink as more excited as the answer to one of the question for experiment. Discussion The main aim for this study was to examine color-brain activity allied with emotions among random sample from undergraduate students and professor. The present study consisted of five different colors including red, white, blue, black and pink. A headset from NeuroSky Mindset, desktop computer and a questionnaire. Overall, 54. 4% participants said that pink was their favorite color and 81. 8% of participants said that they felt excited when they say the color pink. 18% of participants said they were attracted to the color red and the rest of 27% was distributed equally among the color white, blue and black. The results concluded that there was a significant different among all the colors except for red vs. white and black vs. hite. A total of six participants said that they felt danger when they saw red but the EEG results showed the opposite concluding that they were more relaxed. A total of six participants said they felt calm while looking at white and seven said they were calm while looking at blue color. Almost all for except one said they felt serious while seeing the color black. For future studies, I would have the participants write their emotional response right after they see the color and have them decide what response they feel instead of having them to choose one of the answers given.

The Meaning And Concept Of Agricultural Income Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2242 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Agricultural income is exempt under the Income Tax Act, which means that income earned from agricultural operations is not taxed. Agricultural income has been defined under section 2 clause 1A of the Income Tax Act. As per Section 2 (1A), Agricultural Income means  [1]  : Any rent or revenue derived from land which is situated in India and is used for agricultural purposes. Any income derived from such land by agricultural or the performance by a cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind of any process ordinarily employed by a cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind to render the produce raised or received by him fit to be taken to market or the sale by a cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind of the produce raised or received by him, in respect of which no process has been performed other than a process of the nature described in paragraph (ii) of this sub-clause ; any income derived from any building owned and occupied by the receiver of the rent or revenue of any such land, or occupied by the cultivator or the receiver of rent-in-kind, of any land with respect to which, or the produce of which, any process mentioned in paragraphs (ii) and (iii) of sub-clause (b) is carried on : Provided that the building is on or in the immediate vicinity of the land, and is a building which the receiver of the rent or revenue or the cultivator, or the receiver of rent-in-kind, by reason of his connection with the land, requires as a dwelling house, or as a store-house, or other out-building, and the land is either assessed to land revenue in India or is subject to a local rate assessed and collected by officers of the Government as such or where the land is not so assessed to land revenue or subject to a local rate, it is not situated in any area which is comprised within the jurisdiction of a municipality (whether known as a municipality, municipal corporation, notified area committee, town area committee, town committee or by any other name) or a cantonment board and which has a population of not less than ten thousand according to the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published before the first day of the previous year ; or in any area within such distance, not being more than eight kilometres, from the local limits of any municipality or cantonment board referred to in item (A), as the Central Government may, having regard to the extent of, and scope for, urbanisation of that area and other relevant considerations, specify in this behalf by notification in the Official Gazette This paper will be structured so as to understand the meaning behind the above mentioned provisions. It shall broadly be divided into rent on revenue derived from land income derived from agricultural land for agricultural operations income from farm building once this understanding is gained, the researcher would dwell upon what would amount to agricultural income and what wou ld not amount to agricultural income as well as income that would amount to part agricultural and part business and would end by discussing the understanding that the researcher has gained with regard to the meaning and concept of agricultural income through the course of this assignment. Agricultural Income Rent on Revenue Derived from Land: As per Section 2 (1A)(a) there seem to be three criteria laid down (i) rent or revenue should be derived from land (ii) land situated in India (iii) the land should be used for agricultural purposes. Revenue is said to be derived from the land if it is effective and immediate source of income and not if it is indirect or secondary. Rent received in cash or kind amounts to agricultural income as long as the remaining criteria are satisfied. Rent from sub-lease would also be considered as agricultural income. In Durga Narain Singh v. CIT  [2]   revenue the term is used in a broader sense of return, yield or income, and not in the sen se of land revenue  [3]  indirect revenue such as income derived from dividend paid by a company from agricultural income would not be agricultural income as the direct source of income would be through the shareholding.  [4]  But the surplus income received from the sale of agricultural land would not amount to agricultural income; this is so because it does not meet the criteria as laid down in Section 2(1A) of the Act. The second criteria situated in India. From the simple reading of the section it can be understood that this criteria not only applies in sub-clause (a) but also in (b) and (c). this would mean that any income earned from agricultural land outside of India would be taxed and not exempt under Section 10(1) it would be taxable depending upon the residential status of the recipient. The primary condition for exemption remains that the land in question is to be used for agricultural purposes keeping this in mind it is essential to understand what would co me under agriculture or rather the meaning of agriculture. The terms agriculture and agricultural purposes have not been defined under the Act. Under the circumstances it is necessary to understand their meaning in common parlance. It is to be noted that the term agricultural has varied definitions and it has a narrow sense as well as a broad meaning. Wider sense comprising of all activities related to land such as horticulture, livestock, husbandry, etc. Bhagawati, J had put an end to the above disparity in definition by laying down the following principles in CIT v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy  [5]  he stated that there would be basic operations (expenditure of human skills, labour upon land itself, tilling of land, sowing of seeds, etc.) and subsidiary operations (weeding, removal of undesired undergrowth, pruning, etc.) which would form one integrated activity. Basic operations or subsidiary operations alone cannot constitute a land being used for agricultural purposes and hence income from it would not be agricultural income. He also went on to say that agriculture does not merely include food and grain. It is to be construed as all products of land that could be used for consumption, trade and commercial assets. He also stated that breeding, dairy farming, etc might have an association with land but by themselves keeping in mind the above mention basic and subsidiary operations they would not constitute as agriculture. Income derived from agricultural land for Agricultural Purposes: under Section 2(1A)(b) there are three instances of agricultural income: income derived by agriculture: income derived from agriculture (to determine if income derived is agricultural income one has to apply the principles as seen in the case CIT v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy  [6]  ) from land which is situated in India and is used for agricultural purposes. income derived from market process: sometimes a produce needs to be altered to make it a marketable commodity. The income received from this would also be agricultural income subject to the following conditions the process must be one which is ordinarily employed the process must be applied to make the product fit to be taken to market E.g.: tobacco leaves need to be dried before they are fit for market consumption. Other instances of ordinary process would be cleaning, drying, boiling, etc. if process is performed on a product that can be sold in market in its raw from then it would be part agricultural and part non-agricultural income.  [7] income from sale of agricultural produce: income from sale of agricultural produce would be agricultural income and if any process is employed which would not be necessary for the produce to be made saleable (the produce has market value in its original form) then it would be part agricultural and part non agricultural income.  [8] Income From Farm Building: annual value of house property would be taxable under Section 22. The exception is when house property satisfies conditions as given under Section 2(1A)(c), it would be treated as agricultural income and would be exempt from tax virtue of Section 10(1). The building is occupied by the cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind. It is on or in the vicinity of land situated in India and used for agricultural purposes. Cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind, due to his connection with the agricultural land requires the building as a dwelling house, store house or other out-building. Land needs to be asses to local revenue or rate. If this is not done, then it is alternatively to be situated outside of an urban area It is to be noted that the building is to be used only for agricultural purposes and if used for any other purpose such as renting it out as a residence, etc. then it would become taxable. Income Agricultural or Non-Agricultural The terms agriculture and agricultural income have not been defined within the Income Tax Act, 1961. But these terms find their definition within the judicial decision given by Bhagawati, J. in CIT v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy  [9]  where in four principles (Basic operations, Subsequent operations, agriculture not merely includes food and grains and mere connection with land not sufficient) were laid down to better understand the terms. In this case, denuded parts of the forest were replanted and subsequent operations in forestry were carried out. The income which was received from the replanted trees was determined to be agricultural income. There are various other examples through judicial decisions with regard to what would amount to agricultural income. Some instances would be as follows. In CIT v. Rai Shamsherjang Bahadur  [10]  the matter before the court was if the fees collected from the owners of cattle normally used for agricultural purposes was permitted to graze upon forest land grass that grows spontaneously would amount to agricultural income. The c ourt had decided that the same would amount to agricultural income. Share of Profits from a firm, the interest on capital from a firm are also considered to be agricultural income. The share of profit of a partner from a firm engaged in agricultural operations similar to salary received by him for rendering services is agricultural income.  [11]  This is so because payment of salary to a partner represents the special share of profits a firm has. The salary which is paid retains the same character as the income of the firm and hence remains agricultural income. The same would be the case with regard to interest on capital received by a partner from the firm engaged in agricultural operations.  [12] There has been judicial controversy as to if income from nurserys would amount to agricultural income within the definition given under Section 2 (1A). this was settled with the amendment brought about to Section 2 (1A) with effect from assessment year 2009-10 which provided t hat any income derived from sapling or seedlings grown in a nursery shall be deemed to be agricultural income.  [13]  As per the amendment whether basic operations are carried out or not, the income received would be treated as agricultural income and would qualify for the exemption under Section 10(1). On the other hand dividends paid by a company are considered to be non-agricultural income as they do not meet the criteria and have no direct relation with the agricultural land.  [14]  There are various other instances of non-agricultural income such as interest arrears  [15]  (interest on arrears is neither rent nor revenue derived from land), Purchase of standing crop  [16]  (purchase of standing crop and its sale later show no interest in land except a mere license to enter upon it and gather the produce), fisheries  [17]  , poultry farming, toddy tapping  [18]  , etc. Income which is partially agricultural and partially from business: if the income receipts comprise of both agricultural and non agricultural elements, then it has to be looked at separately and the agricultural income part of it must not be taxed.  [19]  Similarly when a man subjects agricultural produce to a manufacturing process before selling it, then the profits on sale would have to be disintegrated and the portion attributing manufacturing process would have to be taxed and the remainder would have to be exempt as it would pertain to agricultural income. In the instances where a company produces tea leaves and manufactures tea, the income received would have to be divided and 40% of it would be considered to be income from the manufacturing process and the remainder would be looked upon as income from agriculture.  [20]  Growing and manufacturing tea is covered under Rule 8 of the Income Tax Rules, 1962. Rule 7A provides for the manufacture of rubber. Of the income computed, 35% would be taken as taxable income and the remainder would be par t of agricultural income. Rule 7B deals with growing coffee in India. The income derived from growing and curing coffee of which 25% of the total income derived would be deemed to be income liable to tax and the remainder is deemed to be agricultural income. Income from coffee grown, cured, roasted and ground in India whether it is mixed with chicory or other flavoring or not would be treated as business and 40% of the income would be taxable and the remainder would be agricultural income. Rule 7 provides for any other cases. For disintegrating a composite business income which is partially agricultural and partially non-agricultural, the market value of any agricultural produce, raised by the assesses or received by him as rent-in-kind and utilized as raw material in his business, is deducted. No further deductions is permissible with regard to any other expenditure incurred by the assesses as cultivator or receiver of rent-in-kind. Conclusion Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Meaning And Concept Of Agricultural Income Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Reaction Paper on Decision Making Text Bok - 2090 Words

Reaction Paper Thinking, Fast and Slow 2011 a book by Daniel Kahneman Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For Master of Business Administration Degree Judgment in Managerial Decision Thinking The secrets of the human brain: the two mechanisms that control our lives Thinking, Fast and Slow is a 2011 book by Nobel Memorial Prize winner in Economics Daniel Kahneman which summarizes research that he conducted over decades, often in collaboration with Amos Tversky. It covers all three phases of his career: his early days working on cognitive bias, his work on prospect theory, and his later work on happiness. The books central thesis is a dichotomy between two modes of thought: System 1 is fast, instinctive and†¦show more content†¦For system 1 is active all the time (unlike the two, which requires a conscious effort), are more prone to cognitive errors. An example of system autonomy 1:01 Mà ¼ller-lyer is optical illusion in which two parallel lines seem to have different lengths. Even if we measure the two lines and convince ourselves (with the help of the two) that their length is the same, system 1 will continue to perceive as unequal. Like optical illusions, cognitive illusions tend to be difficult to overcome, but the first step out from under the domination of these mistakes is thinking their awareness. When people are in a time of crisis, uncertain situations, decisions are taken by the system 1. Therefore, it is essential to know its weaknesses. Cognitive mistakes that influence our decisions It is vital to understand that there are people who are not affected by the weakness of the system 1. This is demonstrated by a simple test that Kahneman applied it a thousand times: A baseball bat and a ball together cost $ 1.10. The bat costs a dollar more than the ball. How much is it? . Even for the most intelligent students, such as those at Harvard and Princeton, more than half gave the obvious answer offered by one system, but also wrong 10 cents. The correct answer was, of course, 5 cents. One of the most common cognitive errors is the overconfidence bias - the tendency to excessive trust in their own abilities. Statistics show that the chances of a new company founded in theShow MoreRelatedReaction Paper on Decision Making Text Bok2104 Words   |  9 PagesReaction Paper Thinking, Fast and Slow 2011 a book by Daniel Kahneman Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For Master of Business Administration Degree Judgment in Managerial Decision Thinking The secrets of the human brain: the two mechanisms that control our lives Thinking, Fast and Slow is a 2011 book by Nobel Memorial Prize winner in Economics Daniel Kahneman which summarizes research that he conducted over decades, often in collaboration with Amos Tversky. It covers all threeRead MoreMedia Ethics and Hidden Cameras5346 Words   |  22 Pagescomments were confined to the manner in which the photographs were obtained and the detrimental effect on him, his family and his eventing career. Morgan Fahey’s campaign involved vehemently denying the accusations whilst condemning the method and making similar pleas for understanding. The New Zealand EPMU’s Journalism Code of Ethics contains guiding precepts including the desire that members do not gain by cash or kind; that they are fair in obtaining news and images and are open as to theirRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesDavid Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording

Dystopian Society In Kurt Vonneguts Anthem And Harrison...

Making a statement with individuality Imagine getting rid of everything a person stand for. Who would that person be? How would the person think or act? Well, this is an example of what people are like in dystopian societies. People in dystopian societies are taught and controlled completely different. Dystopian societies are controlled by totalitarian leaders, which teach citizens that individualism and uniqueness is bad. In the two short stories â€Å"Anthem† and â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† the two main characters make a statement by showing it’s possible to break out of the controlling system, standing up and believing in themselves and individualism, and letting the world know about the greatness within one’s self. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† is a short†¦show more content†¦He was thought that it was bad to be different but he did not care, he just wanted to show other citizens that there was more than what meets the eyes. Not only is equality an individualized thinker but he is also smart and brave. Equality makes a statement in his society by creating light and sharing the new invention with others. â€Å"We MADE IT. WE CREATED IT. We brought it forth from the night of the ages. We alone. Our hands. Our minds. Ours alone and only. We knew not what we are saying. Our head is reeling. We look upon the light which we have made† ( Rand 59). This shows that Equality made a new invention and is eventually going to show it to the council of scholars. This affects society because the council of scholars thinks that Equality is being superior to his brother. â€Å"We have much to say to a wretch who have broken all the laws and who boast of their infamy! How dared you think that your mind held greater wisdom than the minds of your brothers? And if the council had decreed that you should be a street sweeper, how dared you think that you could be of greater use to men than in sweeping the streets?† (Rand 71). This proves that no one, besides Equality wants to change society. This ties to the theme by trying to break out of the controlling society and leading into Equality standing up for individualism and for himself. In addition this concludes how the two short stories â€Å"Anthem† and â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† have different themes.

Differential Equation free essay sample

Assume that the resulting system is linear and time-invariant. x[n] O + r0n] D y[n] +1 3 -2 Figure P6. 5 (a) Find the direct form I realization of the difference equation. (b) Find the difference equation described by the direct form I realization. (c) Consider the intermediate signal r[n] in Figure P6. 5. (i) Find the relation between r[n] and y[n]. (ii) Find the relation between r[n] and x[n]. (iii) Using your answers to parts (i) and (ii), verify that the relation between y[n] and x[n] in the direct form II realization is the same as your answer to part (b). Systems Represented by Differential and Difference Equations / Problems P6-3 P6. 6 Consider the following differential equation governing an LTI system. dx(t) dytt) dt + ay(t) = b di + cx(t) dt dt (P6. 6-1) (a) Draw the direct form I realization of eq. (P6. 6-1). (b) Draw the direct form II realization of eq. (P6. 6-1). Optional Problems P6. 7 Consider the block diagram in Figure P6. 7. The system is causal and is initially at rest. r [n] x [n] + D y [n] -4 Figure P6. 7 (a) Find the difference equation relating x[n] and y[n]. (b) For x[n] = [n], find r[n] for all n. (c) Find the system impulse response. P6. 8 Consider the system shown in Figure P6. 8. Find the differential equation relating x(t) and y(t). x(t) + r(t) + y t a Figure P6. 8 b Signals and Systems P6-4 P6. 9 Consider the following difference equation: y[n] ly[n 1] = x[n] (P6. 9-1) (P6. 9-2) with x[n] = K(cos gon)u[n] Assume that the solution y[n] consists of the sum of a particular solution y,[n] to eq. (P6. 9-1) for n 0 and a homogeneous solution yjn] satisfying the equation Yh[flI 12Yhn 1] = 0. (a) If we assume that Yh[n] = Az, what value must be chosen for zo? (b) If we assume that for n 0, y,[n] = B cos(Qon + 0), what are the values of B and 0? [Hint: It is convenient to view x[n] = Re{Kejonu[n]} and y[n] = Re{Yeonu[n]}, where Y is a complex number to be determined. P6. 10 Show that if r(t) satisfies the homogeneous differential equation m d=r(t) dt 0 and if s(t) is the response of an arbitrary LTI system H to the input r(t), then s(t) satisfies the same homogeneous differential equation. P6. 11 (a) Consider the homogeneous differential equation N dky) k~=0 dtk (P6. 11-1) k=ak Show that if so is a solution of the equation p(s) = E akss k=O N = 0, (P6. 11-2) then Aeso is a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1), where A is an arbitrary complex constant. (b) The polynomial p(s) in eq. (P6. 11-2) can be factored in terms of its roots S1, ,S,. : p(s) = aN(S SI)1P(S tiplicities. Note that S2)2 . . . (S Sr)ar, where the si are the distinct solutions of eq. (P6. 11-2) and the a are their mul ­ U+ 1 o2 + + Ur = N In general, if a, gt; 1, then not only is Ae a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1) but so is Atiesi as long as j is an integer greater than or equal to zero and less than or Systems Represented by Differential and Difference Equations / Problems P6-5 equal to oa 1. To illustrate this, show that if ao = 2, then Atesi is a solution of eq. (P6. 11-1). [Hint: Show that if s is an arbitrary complex number, then N ak dtk = Ap(s)te t + A estI Thus, the most general solution of eq. P6. 11-1) is p ci-1 ( i=1 j=0 Aesi , where the Ai, are arbitrary complex constants. (c) Solve the following homogeneous differential equation with the specified aux ­ iliary conditions. d 2 y(t) 2 dt2 + 2 dy(t) + y(t) = 0, dt y(0) = 1, y'() = 1 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw. mit. edu Resource: Signals and Systems Professor Alan V. Oppenheim The following may not correspond to a partic ular course on MIT OpenCourseWare, but has been provided by the author as an individual learning resource. For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw. mit. edu/terms.

Twenty-One Year Old Drinking LawsOld Enough To Serve, Old Enough To B

Twenty-One Year Old Drinking Laws:Old Enough To Serve, Old Enough To Be Served The American government states that a person must be at least twenty-one years of age to consume alcoholic beverages. However, it is in fact legal for someone to serve alcohol at age eighteen. The purpose of this paper is to research whether or not it is just for these laws to exist. The prevailing question is how can the government allow people between the ages of eighteen and twenty years old serve alcohol to people twenty-one and over when they are not allowed to consume it themselves? When faced with writing this paper, I pondered many things. Such as: If an eighteen year old is permitted to do just about anything they desire, why are they not permitted to consume alcoholic beverages? Does the twenty-one year old drinking law encourage irresponsible drinking habits? Are there any alternatives to the twenty-one year old drinking law? Is this law prevalent in other countries around the world? And finally, I questioned my own feelings on the topic. When one turns eighteen, he or she is then presented with a plethora of responsibilities. An eighteen year old is allowed to purchase cigarettes, vote for government positions, join the armed forces, handle guns and other ammunition in the military, and make other major adult decisions. It is legal for a person to have sexual intercourse with another adult, which in turn can lead to bringing another life into this world. At eighteen years old, a person can no longer be charged as a minor. They are seen as mature adults in the eyes of the legal system. All of these responsibilities are bestowed upon a person when they turn eighteen. However, they are not allowed to consume alcoholic beverages. The minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of twenty one in the United States is commonly seen as a highly successful public health measure (Hornseth, 428). It does, however encourage excessive drinking and possible alcohol abuse in teenagers. Most teenagers go through a rebellious stage where they want to do everything they possibly can to rebel against authority. Many teens want to go against the norms and laws of society and give into peer pressure. Most underage drinkers obtain, fake id's which is a form of photo id that states they are in fact twenty-one years old. Many bars and connivance stores are aware of the fact that these ids are not legitimate. However, in the hopes of better business, they allow the teenager to purchase alcohol. Several of my friends have already turned twenty-one. They tell me that in some cases, the thrill is gone. When it's perfectly legal to consume alcohol, they are not doing anything wrong, thus taking away the fear of getting caught and the excitement of getting away with it. In Europe, there is no legal drinking age. A friend of mine is baffled by American teenager's fascination of, getting wasted. American teenagers engage in the practice of, binge drinking, whereas they drink for the sole purpose of getting drunk. This activity can lead to alcoholism, aggression, and alcohol poisoning. If parents taught their children how to drink responsibly, this problem would not be as prevalent. If underage drinking were not considered a social more, it would most likely seem less exciting to teenagers. In an article regarding lowering the current minimum legal drinking age, Elizabeth Wheeler stated, Prohibiting the sale of liquor to responsible young adults creates an atmosphere where binge drinking and alcohol abuse have become a problem (Wheelan, 14). She educates her daughter in the dangers of alcohol and how important it is to drink responsibly. She stresses the risk her daughter takes every time she drinks. There are date-rape drugs out on the market now that are easily slipped into a drink. These drugs are colorless, odorless, and tasteless, they make a person feel as if they are drunk, however, the next morning that person cannot recollect anything that happen the evening before. By her daughter knowing that she supports her, it makes her daughter less likely to engage in excessive alcohol consumption. The chancellor of the University of Colorado at boulder noticed that trying to cease underage drinking had